{"id":1276,"date":"2026-08-14T21:05:37","date_gmt":"2026-08-14T21:05:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/?p=1276"},"modified":"2026-08-14T21:10:39","modified_gmt":"2026-08-14T21:10:39","slug":"methods-for-measuring-shutter-speed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/fr\/methods-for-measuring-shutter-speed\/","title":{"rendered":"Methods for Measuring Shutter Speed"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Preamble<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>With a scientific background, an engineering career, and film photography as a hobby, I built my first shutter tester to check the reliability of my cameras. I published its plans as open-source. It was then that I realized that measuring shutter speed is one of those things that seems simple at first, but is actually much more complex than it appears.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>In order to take this complexity into account, I have continuously worked to improve my devices, which I now sell on PhotographyElectronics.com.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>In order to help as many people as possible understand why measuring shutter speed is not an easy task, and how my own devices address this challenge, I have brought together in this article and the following ones the current state of my knowledge and analysis.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Some of the concepts presented here are somewhat technical and require a little concentration, but I hope they will remain understandable to as many readers as possible.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Following the rise of digital photography in the 2000s, film photography rapidly declined and almost disappeared as an industry. Film photography nevertheless survived at the margins as a hobby and an artistic practice, thanks to the continued availability of photographic film, whose production is partly supported by the motion-picture industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In recent years, this practice has even seen a renewed interest among younger generations, who see it as a different approach to photography. A different rendering, a different approach, a different process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since the availability of new film cameras is now very limited, film photographers mostly turn to second-hand equipment. The supply of used film cameras is enormous, since it is possible to find cameras from virtually every generation on the market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These cameras are, however, beginning to show their age. The Canon AE-1, for example, which is very popular among the new generation of film photographers, was produced from 1976 to 1984. The available examples are therefore now between 40 and 50 years old.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The question is whether the camera in your hands, or the one you are about to buy, is still capable of taking photographs. Will the pictures you take be correctly exposed? Is there a risk of wasting expensive film in a camera whose condition is unknown?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One way of checking the condition of a camera is to load it with film and take a series of test shots. This method has the disadvantage, however, of being expensive in film, time-consuming, and potentially incapable of detecting some kinds of defects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ideally, all the functions of the camera should be checked before loading it with film, or even before buying it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among the most critical functions is the shutter. This part of the camera is an extremely delicate piece of clockwork, whose accuracy is fundamental to film exposure. Since it is a mechanical system, it is subject to wear, friction, and sticking, all of which can affect its operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Checking that it is functioning correctly with a shutter tester is therefore an essential step before using a film camera whose condition is unknown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the golden age of film photography, shutter testers were professional instruments intended for camera manufacturers and repair technicians. They were extremely expensive, and independent repairers would often go heavily into debt to acquire such an essential piece of equipment for their business. They were complex to operate and required regular calibration to maintain their reliability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There was little question about their accuracy. They were manufactured by specialists in the field and used by professionals as well. If the instrument was correctly calibrated, the result was reliable. There was no real doubt about that. Kyoritsu instruments, in particular, are still considered references today, despite their age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is nevertheless possible to find a wide range of new shutter testers, at very different prices. These range from small open-source Arduino-based devices that can be built for a few euros, to professional instruments costing several hundred euros, with commercial models costing a few tens of euros in between.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But many questions arise when faced with such a diverse range of devices: do all of these instruments provide reliable results? How do they work? Can they test all types of shutters and camera formats? Are they suitable both for amateur photographers and professional repair technicians? What characteristics distinguish them, apart from price?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is precisely what I aim to address in this article. We will first review the role of the shutter, the different shutter families and their characteristics, and then examine the different methods available for testing their operation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Role of the Shutter<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Film can reproduce a wide range of brightness levels, provided that it is correctly exposed. There is an ideal amount of light that allows the film to achieve its best dynamic range, that is, the greatest possible range of tones in both the shadows and highlights. This ideal amount of light depends only on the film&#8217;s nominal sensitivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the scene is poorly lit, the photographer must allow a large amount of this weak light into the camera to avoid underexposure. If the scene is very bright, the photographer must restrict the amount of light entering the camera to avoid overexposure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Two parameters are available for this purpose: the aperture of the lens and the exposure time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The aperture controls the illuminance reaching the film.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The shutter controls its duration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"415\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1287\" srcset=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_1.png 415w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_1-300x290.png 300w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_1-12x12.png 12w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 415px) 100vw, 415px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The exposure of the film is the product of illuminance and exposure time (see Figure 1). It is the area of rectangle H.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The photographer&#8217;s goal, or the camera&#8217;s goal if it has automatic exposure control, is to keep this area constant: when the illuminance is low, the exposure time must be longer (Figure 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"419\" height=\"420\" src=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_02.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_02.png 419w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_02-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_02-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_02-12x12.png 12w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_02-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the illuminance is high, the exposure time must be shorter (Figure 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"420\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_03.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_03.png 420w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_03-300x286.png 300w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_03-13x12.png 13w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In order to provide the greatest possible flexibility under widely varying lighting conditions, shutter manufacturers have sought to provide both slow speeds, on the order of one second, and very fast speeds, on the order of one thousandth of a second. These high speeds, that is, short exposure times, represent the greatest technical challenge for shutter manufacturers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We will also see that these high speeds are precisely where shutter testers face the greatest difficulties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Available Measurement Methods<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Timer Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first measurement method that comes to mind is the timer method. It is very simple: a timer is started when the shutter opens and stopped when the shutter closes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"417\" height=\"387\" src=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_04.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_04.png 417w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_04-300x278.png 300w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_04-13x12.png 13w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The device to be built therefore needs to successively:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>detect the opening of the shutter; <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>start a timer; <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>detect the closing of the shutter; <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>stop the timer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Such a device is very easy to design using photodiodes (or phototransistors), which conduct electrical current when illuminated. A light source is placed on one side of the shutter, while a photodiode, its detection circuit, and the timer are placed on the other side, and that is essentially all that is required.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Open-source designs based on Arduino microcontrollers can be found for an investment of only a few euros.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Commercial devices based on the same principle are also available, costing anywhere from a few tens to several hundred euros, depending on their quality and on the additional features they provide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Integration Method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is possible to imagine another way of measuring shutter speed that does not require a timer at all. We have seen that exposure is the product of illuminance and exposure time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><math data-latex=\"H = E_0 \\times t\"><semantics><mrow><mi>H<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mo>\u00d7<\/mo><mi>t<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">H = E_0 \\times t<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, mathematically, if we divide both sides of the equation by the illuminance, we obtain:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u200b<math data-latex=\"t = \\frac {H} {E_0}\"><semantics><mrow><mi>t<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><mfrac><mi>H<\/mi><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><\/mfrac><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">t = \\frac {H} {E_0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"422\" height=\"396\" src=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_05.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1282\" srcset=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_05.png 422w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_05-300x282.png 300w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_05-13x12.png 13w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If we have a device capable of measuring both the exposure <math data-latex=\"H\"><semantics><mi>H<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">H<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and the maximum illuminance <math data-latex=\"E_0\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u200b, we can directly derive the exposure time using the above formula.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is what I call the <strong>integration method<\/strong>, because it requires measuring the integral (the total amount) of light that has reached the detector.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This method may seem particularly convoluted. It is objectively more complex to implement, because reliably measuring an exposure and an illuminance is technically much more difficult than simply detecting the presence or absence of light.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For this technique to be reliable, the detection circuit must have increasingly demanding characteristics as the shutter speed being measured increases:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>sufficiently accurate integration.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sufficiently linear photodiode;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>linear amplifier;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sufficient bandwidth;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>no saturation;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>stable light source;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>absence of stray light;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>sufficient ADC dynamic range;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, we will see later that if a device succeeds in overcoming these technical difficulties, it can provide much more reliable measurements than a timer-based device.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some of these characteristics are described in the ISO-516:2019 normative document.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Baby Shutter Tester mkII<\/a> complies with the standard for speeds up to 1\/2000 s. In practice, its characteristics allow it to measure speeds up to 1\/4000 s with very satisfactory results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Graphical Methods<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are also other measurement methods based on graphical analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The document <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/69444.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ISO 516:2019<\/a> describes a method using a rotating drum, which makes it possible to evaluate the characteristics of focal-plane shutters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another method uses an oscilloscope: by connecting an oscilloscope to the output of a detection circuit, it is possible to visualize the shutter&#8217;s opening and closing curve and evaluate the effective exposure time directly from the graph.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For the oscilloscope technic, the mandatory characteristics are the same as those required for the integration method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Note:<\/strong> Connecting an oscilloscope to a Baby Shutter Tester mkII requires a slight modification to the device. If you are interested in such a modification, please contact the manufacturer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ideal Shutter and Real Shutter<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An ideal shutter is either completely open or completely closed. At slow speeds \u2014 that is, long exposure times \u2014 shutters can be considered ideal, because what happens during the transition between open and closed is negligible compared with the rest of the exposure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the case of an ideal shutter, both measurement methods provide equally accurate results, apart from the imperfections of the measurement instrument itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, shutters are not ideal devices. In particular, they take a certain amount of time to open and close. The maximum speed of a shutter is precisely limited by these transient phenomena. At the maximum speed, the transient portion of the exposure becomes predominant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the highest speeds, the illumination curve of a shutter looks more like a trapezoid or a Gaussian curve than a rectangle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"420\" height=\"467\" src=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_06-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1283\" srcset=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_06-1.png 420w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_06-1-270x300.png 270w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_06-1-11x12.png 11w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 420px) 100vw, 420px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this case, there is no single shutter time, but rather a range of possible values, depending on the threshold selected, and so, depending on the illumination level that triggers the timer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f56f613f wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"417\" height=\"412\" src=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_07a.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1284\" srcset=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_07a.png 417w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_07a-300x296.png 300w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_07a-12x12.png 12w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_07a-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"418\" height=\"446\" src=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_07b-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_07b-1.png 418w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_07b-1-281x300.png 281w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_07b-1-11x12.png 11w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 418px) 100vw, 418px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is nevertheless possible to define an <strong>effective exposure time<\/strong> as the illumination-weighted equivalent time. It is easy to demonstrate mathematically that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u200b<math data-latex=\"t_e =\\frac {H}{E_0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mfrac><mi>H<\/mi><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><\/mfrac><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">t_e =\\frac {H}{E_0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is called <em>effective<\/em> because it corresponds to the actual exposure received by the film, which is not concerned with the exact shape of the illumination curve but only with the total amount of light received.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mathematically, the effective exposure time of an illumination curve corresponds to the width of a rectangle whose height is <math data-latex=\"E_0\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u200b and whose area is equal to that of the curve being considered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We have:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>E(t): illuminance measured over time during the movement of the shutter; <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E0\u200b: maximum reference level, obtained when the shutter is completely open; <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the total exposure received is: <br><math data-latex=\"H=\\int{E(t)dt}\"><semantics><mrow><mi>H<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><mo movablelimits=\"false\">\u222b<\/mo><mrow><mi>E<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>t<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mi>d<\/mi><mi>t<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">H=\\int{E(t)dt}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the effective exposure time is defined as: <br>\u200b<math data-latex=\"t_e=\\frac{H}{E_0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mfrac><mi>H<\/mi><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><\/mfrac><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">t_e=\\frac{H}{E_0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The effective exposure time therefore corresponds to a rectangle having the same area as the actual curve, with dimensions <math data-latex=\"t_e\"><semantics><msub><mi>t<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">t_e<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u200b and <math data-latex=\"E_0\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u200b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the case of a real shutter, the timer method produces intrinsically incorrect results: depending on the timer&#8217;s trigger threshold, the measured time will be different.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conversely, for a given trigger threshold, the measured time will be different depending on the intensity of the light source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There is, however, one case in which the method is correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If we assume that the illumination curves during opening and closing are symmetrical around their midpoint, the effective exposure time is identical to the time measured at <math data-latex=\"E_0\/2\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\/<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_0\/2<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> (Figure 7).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a timer measurement to be correct, therefore:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the illumination curves during the opening and closing of the shutter must be symmetrical around their midpoint, as in the case of a trapezoidal or Gaussian curve; <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the timer trigger threshold must be <math data-latex=\"E_0\/2\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\/<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_0\/2<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conversely, the integration method remains valid even for a real shutter and regardless of the shape of its opening and closing profile. Since it measures the effective exposure time by definition, the measured value is representative of the exposure received by the film at that shutter speed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"419\" height=\"396\" src=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_08-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1286\" srcset=\"https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_08-1.png 419w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_08-1-300x284.png 300w, https:\/\/photographyelectronics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/figure_08-1-13x12.png 13w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It should also be noted that the integration method is independent of the intensity of the light source and of the spectral response of the device.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Indeed, we have seen that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"> <math data-latex=\"H=\\int{E(t)dt}\"><semantics><mrow><mi>H<\/mi><mo>=<\/mo><mo movablelimits=\"false\">\u222b<\/mo><mrow><mi>E<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>t<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mi>d<\/mi><mi>t<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">H=\\int{E(t)dt}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u200b<math data-latex=\"t_e=\\frac{E(t)dt}{E_0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>E<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>t<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mi>d<\/mi><mi>t<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><\/mfrac><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">t_e=\\frac{E(t)dt}{E_0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If all the required characteristics of the electrical circuit are met, the measured voltage U(t) is proportional to the spectral sensitivity <math data-latex=\"k\"><semantics><mi>k<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">k<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and to the intensity <math data-latex=\"I_0\"><semantics><msub><mi>I<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">I_0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> of the light source, and therefore:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u200b<math data-latex=\"t_e=\\frac{\\int{k \\times I_0 \\times U(t)}}{k \\times I_0 \\times U_0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><mo movablelimits=\"false\" lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u222b<\/mo><mrow><mi>k<\/mi><mo>\u00d7<\/mo><msub><mi>I<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mo>\u00d7<\/mo><mi>U<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>t<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\" lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><mi>k<\/mi><mo>\u00d7<\/mo><msub><mi>I<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mo>\u00d7<\/mo><msub><mi>U<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><\/mrow><\/mfrac><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">t_e=\\frac{\\int{k \\times I_0 \\times U(t)}}{k \\times I_0 \\times U_0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These factors cancel out in the calculation, and the final result is therefore affected neither by the spectral sensitivity of the sensor nor by the intensity of the light source:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><math data-latex=\"t_e=\\frac{\\int{ U(t)}}{U_0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>t<\/mi><mi>e<\/mi><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><mo movablelimits=\"false\" lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u222b<\/mo><mrow><mi>U<\/mi><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mi>t<\/mi><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\" lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><msub><mi>U<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><\/mfrac><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">t_e=\\frac{\\int{ U(t)}}{U_0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The measurement result therefore requires no calibration with respect to the spectral sensitivity of the sensor or the light intensity of the source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Measuring Real Shutters<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a forthcoming article, we will examine practical examples of measurements made on real shutters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this analysis, we have seen the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>At low speeds, shutters can be considered ideal, and all measurement methods provide acceptable results. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>At high speeds, timer-based measurements produce results that depend strongly on the timer&#8217;s trigger threshold. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Timing at a threshold of <math data-latex=\"E_0\/2\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mn>0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\/<\/mi><mn>2<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_0\/2<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> produces a correct result in certain cases, but this requires the trigger threshold to be calibrated. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Integration provides the effective exposure time directly, regardless of the shape of the opening curve. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In addition, no calibration of the sensor&#8217;s spectral sensitivity or of the light intensity is required for an integration measurement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Upcoming Articles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Shutter opening profiles measured with an oscilloscope; <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The two shutter families: leaf shutters and focal-plane shutters; <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Their specific characteristics; <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How the different measurement methods behave with real shutters.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Preamble With a scientific background, an engineering career, and film photography as a hobby, I built my first shutter tester to check the reliability of my cameras. I published its plans as open-source. It was then that I realized that measuring shutter speed is one of those things that seems simple at first, but is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized-en"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Preamble With a scientific background, an engineering career, and film photography as a hobby, I built my first shutter tester to check the reliability of my cameras. I published its plans as open-source. 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